For nine years, PSI’s multi-country research project, ACTwatch, worked to fill evidence gaps in quality of malaria testing and treatment throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Recently, ACTwatch released a new publication series in the Malaria Journal, through which they provide a comprehensive view into the levels of access to quality, first-line malaria testing and treatment and the persistence of non-first-line medicines. One particular publication, focused on the abundance of non-quality-assured malaria medicines in sub-Saharan Africa, was recently the focus of a new article from The Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN). Read on to learn more about the potential impact of non-quality-assured malaria medicines and be sure to check out the full publication .
By Barney McManigal and Aileen Sheehy, WWARN
A new study of malaria medicine quality in 8 sub-Saharan African countries has found a large and potentially growing market for non-quality-assured (QA) malaria treatments — medicines not pre-approved by global health organizations – as much as 20% of the private-sector market in Kenya, and 42% in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). As one of the most comprehensive recent studies relating to medicine quality in the region, the findings provide new insights for patients, researchers, policy makers and malaria control programs because QA status is often linked to the quality of medicines – which can impact patient health and safety, malaria control efforts and artemisinin drug efficacy.
The study, conducted in the private and public sectors of Benin, DRC, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, was published today in a Malaria Journal article titled ‘Do anti-malarials in Africa meet quality standards? The market penetration of non-quality assured artemisinin combination therapy in eight African countries’. Researchers measured the availability and market share of medicines not pre-approved under World Health Organization (WHO), Global Fund or European Medicines Agency (EMA) quality assurance programs.
Researchers collected data from 29 malaria medicine outlet surveys and audited more than 330,000 artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) between 2009 and 2015. Based on samples from randomly selected clusters in the 8 countries, in 2014-15, non-QA medicines represented 42% and 27% of the private-sector market in Kinshasa and Katanga, respectively, 20% in Kenya, 19% in Uganda and Benin, 12% in Nigeria, 8% in Zambia and 5% in Tanzania. Moreover, non-QA medicines were available in 48% of private outlets in Nigeria, 38% in Uganda, 21% in Tanzania, 17% in Zambia and 83% and 53% in the Kinshasa and Katanga provinces of the DRC, respectively. In contrast with the private sector, the public-sector market share of non-QA medicines in 2014-15 was generally smaller – 6% in Nigeria, 5% in Kenya, and about 1% in Benin, Madagascar, Tanzania and Uganda.
Due to limited regulatory capacities in many malaria-endemic countries, public health officials look to pre-approval status to help ensure medicine quality. Although approval status alone does not guarantee the safety of a medicine – in fact, non-QA treatments can be safe and effective in some cases – it does provide a strong, evidence-based indication of quality, the article states. Poor quality antimalarials include falsified medicines – or those produced fraudulently – and substandard medicines, which were improperly manufactured or have degraded over time.
“These findings really improve our ability to understand the complex problem of medicine quality in Africa”, said co-author Dr. Megan Littrell, Principal Investigator at the ACTwatch project, which led the research collaboration. ‘Although the data focus on quality-assurance status, it’s hugely beneficial to know where non-QA antimalarials are most prevalent, particularly in countries with the highest malaria burdens, so that appropriate interventions can be considered alongside other efforts to tackle poor quality medicines”.
In addition to showing substantial market penetration and availability of non-QA antimalarials, the study states that most countries showed an increase in the private-sector market share of non-QA medicines between 2009 and 2015. The greatest increase occurred in Kenya and Kinshasa, where the market share approximately doubled, from 19% and 11% in 2009 to 42% and 20% in 2014-15, respectively. The public-sector non-QA market share mostly decreased during this time, except in Kenya, Kinshasa (DRC) and Zambia where the non-QA market share shifted from 1%, 1% and less than 1% in 2009, respectively, to 5%, 18% and 32% in 2014-15.
“Non-QA antimalarials clearly have a strong market penetration across Africa, and these findings should help inform policy responses”, said Professor Paul Newton, a co-author of the article and Head of the Medicine Quality Group at the Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO). “However, we have also found numerous differences on the ground, so we must tailor our strategies for removing these medicines accordingly, by improving regulation, aligning national registration medicine lists with global standards, enhancing access to QA antimalarials and providing more support for manufacturers to ensure that their products are all quality assured. Frequent monitoring of the available antimalarials should be conducted to understand what patients are taking and the quality of the medications”.
The article, which included co-authors from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, also found that diverse generics and formulations were available, but typically imported and distributed in urban areas at either pharmacies or drug stores. In countries such as Nigeria, over 90 unique manufacturers were found to be supplying non-QA medicines. In most cases, the private sector is the most common source of treatments, at for-profit health facilities, pharmacies, drug stores, general retailers, and mobile providers. However, patients also receive medicines from public-sector outlets, such as hospitals, clinics and other facilities.
ABOUT WWARN
The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network is a research partnership that provides comprehensive, timely, quality-assured evidence to help track the emergence and spread of malaria drug resistance, and improve the efficacy of existing antimalarial medicines and new drugs in development.
This collaboration of research experts provides valuable evidence to help save more lives and support the global effort to control, eliminate and eventually eradicate malaria. The WWARN Antimalarial Quality (AQ) Surveyor helps to respond to some of the critical gaps in information. This mapping tool delivers customized summaries of published reports of antimalarial medicine quality across regions and over time. WWARN is a constituent organization of the recently launched Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), which takes a similar model to a range of devastating tropical and neglected illnesses, including Ebola. For further information, please visit www.wwarn.org (link is external) and www.iddo.org (link is external).
ABOUT ACTwatch
ACTwatch is a multi-country research project implemented by Population Services International (PSI). Launched in 2008 with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and with additional funding from UNITAID and the DFID, ACTwatch is designed to provide timely, relevant, and high-quality antimalarial and malaria diagnostic testing market intelligence. ACTwatch is implemented in 13 countries and employs standardized tools and approaches to provide comparable data across countries and over time. Research methods implemented include outlet and household surveys, supply chain studies, key informant interviews, and, in selected countries, a module to document private-sector fever case management practices using observation and client exit interviews. Since 2008, ACtwatch has implemented 50 outlet surveys, screened over 360,000 public- and private-sector outlets, and audited more than 400,000 antimalarials.
ABOUT PSI
Population Services International (PSI) is a global non-profit organization focused on the encouragement of healthy behavior and affordability of health products. PSI was founded in 1970 to improve reproductive health using commercial marketing strategies and has expanded to work in over 50 countries in the areas of malaria, family planning, HIV, diarrhea, pneumonia and sanitation. PSI has active malaria control programs in more than 35 countries worldwide, helping national ministries of health to scale up proven interventions, and sustain coverage over time. PSI focuses on a variety of interventions to improve availability, affordability and use of effective malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment. These interventions include the delivery of long-lasting insecticidal treated nets (LLINs), artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), strategic behavior change communications and applied operational research. In 2015 alone, PSI delivered over 44 million LLINs, 11 million courses of ACT, and 9 million RDTs through public and private sectors. PSI also supports global malaria elimination goals by implementing test, treat and track strategies and strengthening national surveillance of malaria.
